South Pacific is a 1958 American romanticmusical film based on the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific, which in turn is based on James A. Michener's short-story collection Tales of the South Pacific. The film, directed by Joshua Logan, stars Rossano Brazzi, Mitzi Gaynor, John Kerr and Ray Walston in the leading roles with Juanita Hall as Bloody Mary, the part that she had played in the original stage production. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning the Academy Award for Best Sound for Fred Hynes.
Cast[edit]
Musical numbers[edit]
Note: The film opens with an orchestral overture lasting 3 minutes and 30 seconds.
Production[edit]
Following the success of the film version of Rodgers & Hammerstein's Oklahoma! (1955), the producers decided to tackle a big-screen adaptation of South Pacific as their next project.
The film was produced by 'South Pacific Enterprises', a company created specifically for the production, owned by Rodgers, Hammerstein, Logan, Magna Theatre Corporation (owners of the Todd-AO widescreen process the film would be photographed in), and Leland Hayward, producer of the original stage production.[5]20th Century Fox partially invested in the production in exchange for some distribution rights. Additionally, all the departments and department heads were Fox's, and Fox's research department re-engineered the Todd-AO process, changing its frame rate from 30 fps (for 70mm presentations) to 24 fps, thereby eliminating 'simufilming' in 65mm and 35mm (as in Oklahoma!) or in 65mm 30 fps and 65mm 24 fps (as in 80 Days), and for the most part eliminating the American Optical lenses, replacing these with Bausch & Lomb's then new Super Baltars, and for the most part replacing the Fearless Superfilm cameras with a new family of Mitchell cameras commissioned by Fox (BFC, 'Blimped Fox Camera', a 65mm version of Mitchell's BNC, and FC, 'Fox Camera', a 65mm version of Mitchell's NC). The original Todd-AO cameras continued to be employed, occasionally, as a B or C camera.
The producers' original plan was to have Ezio Pinza and Mary Martin, the two leads of the original Broadway cast, reprise their roles for the film, but Pinza died suddenly in May, 1957. Had he lived to perform in the film, the producers would have cast Martin.[6] Instead, Doris Day was offered the part of Nellie, but passed; Elizabeth Taylor tested for the same role, but was rejected by Rodgers after she suffered stage fright in her audition. Logan later heard her sing but was unable to persuade Rodgers to change his mind.[6] Ultimately, Mitzi Gaynor, who had prior work in musical films, and had tested twice for Nellie, was cast in the role.[6]Rossano Brazzi was cast as Emile, a role that was first offered to such established stars as Charles Boyer, Vittorio De Sica and Fernando Lamas.[5] Walston, a noted Broadway musical actor, played the part of Seabee Luther Billis, which he'd previously played on stage in London.[6]
Hanalei Bay, on the Hawaiian island of Kauai, served as the filming location, with Emil Kosa Jr.'s matte paintings providing distant views of the fantastic island Bali Ha'i. A second unit filmed aerial views of Fijian islands while some sources claim footage of Tioman Island, off Malaysia's south east coast, were also featured, though this seems unlikely given the logistics involved. Location filming provided sweeping shots of tropical island scenes, as well as a new sequence not in the stage version, in which Billis, having parachuted from a damaged plane, has a boat dropped on him, then comes under a series of attacks, following his fatalistic 'Oh, it's going to be one of those days, huh?'[citation needed]
The film includes the use of colored filters during many of the song sequences,[7] which has been a source of criticism for the film. Director Joshua Logan wanted these filters to produce subtle changes, but 20th Century Fox, the company that would distribute the 35mm version, made them extreme changes; since tickets to the film were pre-sold (it was a roadshow attraction), there was no time to correct this.[6]
All of the songs from the stage production were retained for the film. A song entitled 'My Girl Back Home', sung by Lt. Cable and Nellie, cut from the Broadway show, was added.[8]
One of the differences between the film version and the Broadway version of the musical is that the first and second scenes of the play are switched around, together with all the songs contained in those two scenes. The original European cut of the film shown in the United Kingdom and Europe does not switch those scenes and it plays out as on the stage. The stage version begins with Nellie and Emile's first scene together on the plantation, then proceeds to show Bloody Mary, Lieutenant Joe Cable, and the Seabees on the beach, while in the film version Lieutenant Cable is shown at the very beginning being flown by plane to the island, where the Seabees and Bloody Mary have their first musical numbers. (The first musical number in the film is 'Bloody Mary', sung by the Seabees, while in the stage version it is 'Dites-moi', sung by Emile's children, again the only version of this song in the final release print of the film is a reprise sung with their father Emile. It is only on the soundtrack recording that it is first heard as a duet by just the children Ngana and Jerome themselves.) Emile is not shown in the film until about thirty minutes into it; in the film, Nellie first appears during the scene with the Seabees. Because of the switch, the show's most famous song, 'Some Enchanted Evening', is not heard until nearly forty-five minutes into the film, while in the show it is heard about fifteen minutes after Act I starts.
Juanita Hall sang in the stage production and took part in the recording of the stage production cast album. However, she had her singing dubbed for the film version by Muriel Smith, who played Bloody Mary in the London stage production.[6] Metropolitan Opera star Giorgio Tozzi provided the singing voice for the role of Emile de Becque in the film.[6]John Kerr starred as 2nd Lt. Joseph Cable, USMC and his singing voice was dubbed by Bill Lee.[6]Ken Clark, who played Stewpot, was dubbed by Thurl Ravenscroft (who sang 'You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch' and was the voice of Tony the Tiger). Gaynor and Walston were the only principal cast members whose own singing voices were used.
Release[edit]
Criticism of the color filters did not prevent the film from topping the box office of 1958. It earned $6.4 million in rentals in the United States and Canada.[9] The film was a big hit in the United Kingdom and the film played continuously at the Dominion Theatre in London for nearly four-and-a-half years.[10] It performed badly in other European countries such as France, German and Italy.[11]
South Pacific had the honor of being the highest-grossing Rodgers and Hammerstein musical film until The Sound of Music was released seven years later.[6]
The 65mm Todd-AO cinematography (by Leon Shamroy) was nominated for an Academy Award, as were the music adaptation and the sound. South Pacific won for Best Sound.
The soundtrack album has spent more weeks at #1 in the UK Albums Chart than any other album, spending 115 weeks at the top in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It spent 70 consecutive weeks at the top of the chart and was #1 for the whole of 1959.
Magna Theatre Corporation, which originally owned a stake in the film, handled the distribution of the roadshow presentations, while Fox distributed the film for its general (wide) release.[5] The film was re-released by The Samuel Goldwyn Company in 1983.[5] Originally shown in a nearly three-hour roadshow version, later cut to two-and-a-half hours for general release. The three-hour version, long feared lost, was rediscovered in a 70mm print owned by a collector. This print was screened in Bradford, England at the National Museum of Photography, Film, and Television on March 14, 2005.[12] When Fox (which by that time owned partial distribution rights to the film, including home video) learned of the print's existence, it took it to the United States to reinstate the fourteen missing minutes and attempt to restore as much of the color as possible.[13] A 2-disc DVD set of both the longer and shorter versions was released in the USA on Region 1 on November 7, 2006 and earlier on UK region 2 on 20 March 2006.
'Some Enchanted Evening' was ranked #28 on the American Film Institute's 100 Years..100 Songs (2004).
On March 31, 2009, South Pacific became the first Rodgers and Hammerstein musical available on high definition Blu-ray Disc.[14]
Soundtrack[edit]
The Original Soundtrack of the film was released in 1958.[15] The album became a major success, reaching No.1 in both the US and UK. In the US, the album stayed at No.1 on the Billboard 200 for seven months, the fourth longest run ever.[15] The album remained in the top five of the UK Albums Chart for 27 consecutive weeks before reaching No.1 in November 1958. It stayed at the top for a record-breaking 115 weeks and remained in the top five for 214 weeks.[16]
Awards and honors[edit]
Others[edit]
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
Remake[edit]
In July 2010, producers Ileen Maisel and Bob Balaban were developing a film remake of South Pacific.[23] In May 2013, Michelle Williams has been offered the part of Nellie Forbush in the remake.[24]
See also[edit]References[edit]
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Pacific_(1958_film)&oldid=902123242'
This individual was lost somewhere in the Pacific Ocean while attempting to fly solo around the world?His individual was lost somewhere in the Pacific Ocean while attempting to fly solo around the world?Who got lost somewhere in Pacific ocean while attempting to fly solo around the world?Who was lost somewhere in the Pacific Ocean while attempting to fly solo around the world?Who disapeared over the pacific ocean while attempting to fly around the world?When does Pacific Daylight time begin?What happened to Amelia Earhart?
She disappeared on a plane in the south Pacific and was presumed dead as of July 2, 1937. She was attempting an around the world flight at the time. For more information, see the related link.
What year did amelia earhart fly a plane?
Amelia Earhart first woman to fly across the Atlantic in a multi-person plane in 1928 with pilot Wilmer Stultz. She became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1932. She set another first on 1935 by being the first woman to fly solo over the Pacific Ocean, from Hawaii to California. In 1937, while attempting to fly around the world, her plane crashed somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. It was never⦠Read More
How many potatoes does Idaho produce?
About 12 billion pounds annually. It depends on the size and grade of the 'spuds', of course, but that is somewhere around 20 billion individual potatoes.
Is the Pacific Ring of Fire in the Pacific Ocean?What is unsolved about Amelia Earhart?
Amelia Earhart first women pilot to atempt to fly around the world went missing I believe somewhere in the pacific. her plane ,crash site,nothing was ever found.
What is the ISBN of Somewhere Around the Corner?
The ISBN of Somewhere Around the Corner is 0207183597.
What was Amelia Earhart's goal in life?
Amelia's goal was to fly around the world and stopping in various places; sadly, she did not make it and crashed somewhere in the pacific ocean, or somewhere in japan and was probably taken prisoner. However, nobody knows what REALLY happened to Amelia earhart. She also had a very strong opinion on equal rights for woman.
Why did she died at how did amila earnheat die?
Amelia Earhart was the first female pilot to fly alone over the Atlantic Ocean. She attempted to fly around the globe and disappeared somewhere over the Pacific. Nobody is certain how she died.
What is the Pacific basin?Why are volcanoes located in the Pacific Ocean?
Why not? There are volcanoes all around the world. The Pacific is HUGE; it would be amazing if there weren't several volcanoes around and in the Pacific.
How tall should you be at 11?
somewhere around 5 feet. unless you are underweight then somewhere around 4'9
Why wa Amelia Earhart famous?
Amelia Earhart is most famous for the mysterious circumstances of her death. She disappeared somewhere in the South Pacific near the end of second her around-the-world flight. She was also the first women to fly solo around the world before this incident happened.
Where are the most of earth volcanoes?
around the Pacific Ring of Fire. or the Pacific Plate
Where exactly is the Pacific Rim?
The Pacific Rim is large. It encompasses all of the lands around the rim of the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, the western United States is included in the Pacific Rim.
Realistic is there a guitar with this name brand?
Yes, Radioshack sold them from somewhere around 1969 till somewhere around 1972.
What is the area around the pacific plate where it collides with other plates?Pattern of the volcanoes around the pacific ocean?
It goes around the pacific ocean like a ring which is why its called the ring of fire.
How tall is Liam Payne?
Somewhere around 5'9' or 5'10'. Harry is 5'10' and Liam does look a tad shorter, but somewhere around that.
Why do tidal waves occur in the pacific ocean?
it is due to the seismic activity around the pacific plate.
Most of the active volcanoes are located around which ocean?
The Pacific Ocean (the fiery ring of the Pacific).
What is the area around the pacific ocean where many earthquakes happen called?Were does Zak Saturday live?
Zak Saturday and his family lives on the Pacific Coast, the far western part of the United States. In more detail, they live somewhere along the coast of California, Oregon, or Washington. Based on the trees around their house, I think they live in Washington.
What was Amelia Earhart doing when she dissapeared?
She was attempting to be the first women to fly around the world!
Who was the first American woman to fly around the world?
It was Amelia Earhart, the 1st woman and 2nd person to fly solo around the world, although Amelia Earhart didn't quite make it, crashing her plane somewhere in the Pacific. The first woman to successfully circumnavigate the globe was Mrs. Victor Bruce.
Are you there my love?What ties exist between the people of British Columbia and the Pacific Rim?
The Pacific Rim refers to the countries and cities located around the edge of the Pacific Ocean
Why do most earthquakes occur around the pacific ocean?
because the pacific ocean is fully covered by the pacific plate, which is bordered by the Eurasian plate and the American plates.
On what plate do most earthquakes occur?
In the pacific plate. Mostly around the area known as the Pacific Ring of Fore. 70% of the world's earthquakes and volcanoes happen in the Pacific Ring of Fire which is located in the Pacific Plate.
When do most girls have their period?
Well, I'd say approximately around junior high school, or somewhere around that time. But then again, it all depends on the individual because even though I started mine the summer before 7th grade, my friend started in like 4th grade.
Pacific island tradition?
A pacfic island tradition is tatooing. This is used in many places around the pacific.
Can volcanos be found in the pacific ring of fire?
The ring of fire is the 'ring' around the Pacific Ocean (or around the Pacific tectonic plate). The 'borders' of tectonic plates are sites of many earthquakes and volcanoes. Therfore, volcanoes CAN be found around the ring of fire.
Do people who are left handed eat with cutlery different?
It depends on the individual. I have read somewhere that most left-handed people eat the same way as right-handed people (i.e. with the knife in the right hand). However, I personally do it the other way around.
Do the union Pacific and central Pacific still exist?
The Central Pacific RR was only around as an independent company until 1885, when its assets were leased by the Southern Pacific RR. The Southern Pacific kept the Central Pacific alive as a corporate entity until 1959, operating it as a subsidiary. In 1959 the two formally merged, and continued as the Southern Pacific. The Southern Pacific was bought by the Union Pacific in 1996. Today the Union Pacific is the oldest and largest rail⦠Read More
Why do you think the area around the Pacific Plate is called the Pacific Ring of Fire?
Because circling the pacific plate is underwater volcanoes (hints) giving it the name 'Ring of Fire'
What are some good sentences for the word individual?
A good recipe melds the individual ingredients into one flavor. I am not comfortable around that individual. That is one squared-away individual.
What is the name given to the area around the pacific ocean in which many earthquakes occur?What is the name of geologic area of unstable tectonic plates that loops around the pacific ocean?Where is torhout?When were converse made?Is rice from Japan?How many humpback whales are there?
Somewhere between 74,000 Humpbacks are widespread in almost every ocean in the world. They are found in good numbers in the following oceans. 18000 or so animals in North Pacific Ocean About 12000 in North Atlantic Ocean Around 50000 in the total southern hemisphere
Can an object stay in orbit around Saturn somewhere else besides the rings?
Can an object stay in orbit around Saturn somewhere else besides the rings
About how many snakes are there?
Individual species.. around 2,300. Individual reptiles.. millions !
Describe a pattern of the arrangement of the volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean?
They are located in a shape of a circle. This is because the Pacific Plate is circular (the Pacific Ocean is on it) and volcanoes form at plate boundaries. It is also called the Pacific Ring of Fire. However, the Pacific Ring of Fire is not entirely circular as it extends into the Philippines too.
The area of increased plastic particles is located within the North Pacific Gyre, one of the five major ocean gyres.
The Great Pacific garbage patch, also described as the Pacific trash vortex, is a gyre of marine debris particles in the north central Pacific Ocean. It is located roughly from 135°W to 155°W and 35°N to 42°N.[1] The collection of plastic and floating trash, which comes primarily from countries in Asia, lies halfway between Hawaii and California.[2] It extends over an indeterminate area of widely varying range, depending on the degree of plastic concentration used to define the affected area. The patch is characterized by exceptionally high relative pelagic concentrations of plastic, chemical sludge, and other debris that have been trapped by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre.[3] Despite the common public image of islands of floating rubbish, its low density (4 particles per cubic meter) prevents detection by satellite imagery, or even by casual boaters or divers in the area. It consists primarily of an increase in suspended, often microscopic, particles in the upper water column.
The garbage patch is not easily seen from the sky, because the plastic is dispersed over a large area. Researchers from The Ocean Cleanup project claimed that the patch covers 1.6 million square kilometers. The plastic concentration is estimated to be up to 100 kilograms per square kilometer in the center, going down to 10 kilograms per square kilometer in the outer parts of the patch. An estimated 80,000 metric tons of plastic inhabit the patch, totaling 1.8 trillion pieces. 92% of the mass in the patch comes from objects larger than 0.5 centimeters.[4]
Research indicates that the patch is rapidly accumulating.[5] A similar patch of floating plastic debris is found in the Atlantic Ocean, called the North Atlantic garbage patch.[6][7]
History[edit]![]() ![]()
The patch is created in the gyre of the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone.
The patch was described in a 1988 paper published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The description was based on research by several Alaska-based researchers in 1988 who measured neustonicplastic in the North Pacific Ocean.[8] Researchers found relatively high concentrations of marine debris accumulating in regions governed by ocean currents. Extrapolating from findings in the Sea of Korea, the researchers hypothesized that similar conditions would occur in other parts of the Pacific where prevailing currents were favorable to the creation of relatively stable waters. They specifically indicated the North Pacific Gyre.[9]
Charles J. Moore, returning home through the North Pacific Gyre after competing in the Transpacific Yacht Race in 1997, claimed to have come upon an enormous stretch of floating debris. Moore alerted the oceanographerCurtis Ebbesmeyer, who subsequently dubbed the region the 'Eastern Garbage Patch' (EGP).[10] The area is frequently featured in media reports as an exceptional example of marine pollution.[11]
Best medieval 2 total war mods. The JUNK Raft Project was a 2008 trans-Pacific sailing voyage made to highlight the plastic in the patch, organized by the Algalita Marine Research Foundation.[12][13][14]
In 2009, two project vessels from Project Kaisei, the New Horizon and the Kaisei, embarked on a voyage to research the patch and determine the feasibility of commercial scale collection and recycling.[15] The 2009 SEAPLEX expedition also researched the patch. Researchers were also looking at the impact of plastic on mesopelagic fish, such as lanternfish.[16][17]
At TEDxDelft2012,[18][19]Boyan Slat unveiled a concept for removing large amounts of marine debris from oceanic gyres. Calling his project The Ocean Cleanup, he proposed to use surface currents to let debris drift to collection platforms. Operating costs would be relatively modest and the operation would be so efficient that it might even be profitable. The concept makes use of floating booms that divert rather than catch the debris. This avoids bycatch, while collecting even the smallest particles. According to Slat's calculations, a gyre could be cleaned up in five years' time, amounting to at least 7.25 million tons of plastic across all gyres.[20] He also advocated 'radical plastic pollution prevention methods' to prevent gyres from reforming.[20][21] In 2015, The Ocean Cleanup project was a category winner in the Design Museum's 2015 Designs of the Year awards.[22] A fleet of 30 vessels, including a 32-metre (105-foot) mothership, took part in a month-long voyage to determine how much plastic is present using trawls and aerial surveys.[22]
The 2012 Algalita/5 Gyres Asia Pacific Expedition began in the Marshall Islands on 1 May, investigated the patch, collecting samples for the 5 Gyres Institute, Algalita Marine Research Foundation and several other institutions, including NOAA, Scripps, IPRC and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. In 2012, the Sea Education Association (SEA) conducted research expeditions in the gyre. One hundred and eighteen net tows were conducted and nearly 70,000 pieces of plastic were counted.[23][not in citation given]
In 2012, researchers Goldstein, Rosenberg and Cheng found that microplastic concentrations in the gyre had increased by two orders of magnitude in the prior four decades.[24]
On 11 April 2013, artist Maria Cristina Finucci founded The Garbage Patch State at UNESCOâParis[25] in front of Director General Irina Bokova.[26]
In 2015, a study published in the journal Science sought to discover where exactly all of this garbage is coming from. According to the researchers, the discarded plastics and other debris floats eastward out of countries in Asia from six primary sources: China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka and Thailand.[27][28]
On 9 September 2018, the first collection system was deployed to the gyre to begin the collection task.[29] This initial trial run of the Ocean Cleanup Project started towing its 'Ocean Cleanup System 001' from San Francisco to a trial site some 240 nautical miles (260 miles) away.[30]
Constitution[edit]
The north Pacific Garbage Patch on a continuous ocean map
The Great Pacific garbage patch formed gradually as a result of ocean or marine pollution gathered by ocean currents.[31] It occupies a relatively stationary region of the North Pacific Ocean bounded by the North Pacific Gyre in the horse latitudes. The gyre's rotational pattern draws in waste material from across the North Pacific, incorporating coastal waters off North America and Japan. As material is captured in the currents, wind-driven surface currents gradually move debris toward the center, trapping it.
In a 2014 study[32] researchers sampled 1571 locations throughout the world's oceans, and determined that discarded fishing gear such as buoys, lines and nets accounted for more than 60%[33] of the mass of plastic marine debris. According to a 2011 EPA report, 'The primary source of marine debris is the improper waste disposal or management of trash and manufacturing products, including plastics (e.g., littering, illegal dumping) .. Debris is generated on land at marinas, ports, rivers, harbors, docks, and storm drains. Debris is generated at sea from fishing vessels, stationary platforms, and cargo ships.'[34] Constituents range in size from miles-long abandoned fishing nets to micro-pellets used in cosmetics and abrasive cleaners.[35] A computer model predicts that a hypothetical piece of debris from the U.S. west coast would head for Asia, and return to the U.S. in six years.[10] Debris from the east coast of Asia in a year or less.[36][37] While microplastics make up 94 percent the estimated 1.8 trillion plastic pieces, they amount to only eight percent of the 79,000 metric tons of plastic there, with most of the rest coming from the fishing industry.[38]
A 2017 study concluded that of the 9.1 billion tons of plastic produced since 1950, close to 7 billion tons are no longer in use.[39] The authors estimate that 9% was recycled, 12% was incinerated, and the remaining 5.5 billion tons remains in the oceans and land.[39]
Size estimates[edit]
Visualisation showing how mass accumulates in gyres.
The size of the patch is indefinite, as is the precise distribution of debris, because large items are uncommon.[40] Most debris consists of small plastic particles suspended at or just below the surface, evading detection by aircraft or satellite. Instead, the size of the patch is determined by sampling. Estimates of size range from 700,000 square kilometres (270,000 sq mi) (about the size of Texas) to more than 15,000,000 square kilometres (5,800,000 sq mi) (about the size of Russia). Such estimates, however, are conjectural given the complexities of sampling and the need to assess findings against other areas. Further, although the size of the patch is determined by a higher-than-normal degree of concentration of pelagic debris, there is no standard for determining the boundary between 'normal' and 'elevated' levels of pollutants to provide a firm estimate of the affected area.
Net-based surveys are less subjective than direct observations but are limited regarding the area that can be sampled (net apertures 1â2 m and ships typically have to slow down to deploy nets, requiring dedicated ship's time). The plastic debris sampled is determined by net mesh size, with similar mesh sizes required to make meaningful comparisons among studies. Floating debris typically is sampled with a neuston or manta trawl net lined with 0.33 mm mesh. Given the very high level of spatial clumping in marine litter, large numbers of net tows are required to adequately characterize the average abundance of litter at sea. Long-term changes in plastic meso-litter have been reported using surface net tows: in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre in 1999, plastic abundance was 335,000 items/km2 and 5.1 kg/km2, roughly an order of magnitude greater than samples collected in the 1980s. Similar dramatic increases in plastic debris have been reported off Japan. However, caution is needed in interpreting such findings, because of the problems of extreme spatial heterogeneity, and the need to compare samples from equivalent water masses, which is to say that, if an examination of the same parcel of water a week apart is conducted, an order of magnitude change in plastic concentration could be observed.[41]
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In August 2009, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography/Project Kaisei SEAPLEX survey mission of the Gyre found that plastic debris was present in 100 consecutive samples taken at varying depths and net sizes along a path of 1,700 miles (2,700 km) through the patch. The survey found that, although the patch contains large pieces, it is on the whole made up of smaller items that increase in concentration toward the gyre's centre, and these 'confetti-like' pieces that are visible just beneath the surface suggests the affected area may be much smaller.[41][42][43] 2009 data collected from Pacific albatross populations suggest the presence of two distinct debris zones.[44]
In March 2018, The Ocean Cleanup published a paper summarizing their findings from the Mega- (2015) and Aerial Expedition (2016). In 2015, the organization crossed the Great Pacific garbage patch with 30 vessels, to make observations and take samples with 652 survey nets. They collected a total of 1.2 million pieces, which they counted and categorized into their respective size classes. In order to also account for the larger, but more rare debris, they also overflew the patch in 2016 with a C-130 Hercules aircraft, equipped with LiDAR sensors. The findings from the two expeditions, found that the patch covers 1.6 million square kilometers with a concentration of 10â100 kg per square kilometer. They estimate an 80,000 metric tons in the patch, with 1.8 trillion plastic pieces, out of which 92% of the mass is to be found in objects larger than 0.5 centimeters.[4][45][5]
NOAA stated:
While 'Great Pacific Garbage Patch' is a term often used by the media, it does not paint an accurate picture of the marine debris problem in the North Pacific Ocean. The name 'Pacific Garbage Patch' has led many to believe that this area is a large and continuous patch of easily visible marine debris items such as bottles and other litterâakin to a literal island of trash that should be visible with satellite or aerial photographs. This is not the case.
Photodegradation of plastics[edit]
Washed-up plastic waste on a beach in Singapore
The patch is one of several oceanic regions where researchers have studied the effects and impact of plastic photodegradation in the neustonic layer of water.[47] Unlike organic debris, which biodegrades, plastic disintegrates into ever smaller pieces while remaining a polymer (without changing chemically). This process continues down to the molecular level.[48] Some plastics decompose within a year of entering the water, releasing potentially toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A, PCBs and derivatives of polystyrene.[49] As the plastic flotsam photodegrades into smaller and smaller pieces, it concentrates in the upper water column. As it disintegrates, the pieces become small enough to be ingested by aquatic organisms that reside near the ocean's surface. Plastic may become concentrated in neuston, thereby entering the food chain.
Disintegration means that much of the plastic is too small to be seen. In a 2001 study, researchers[10] found concentrations of plastic particles at 334,721 pieces per km2 with a mean mass of 5.1 kg (11.3 lbs) per km2, in the neuston. The overall concentration of plastics was seven times greater than the concentration of zooplankton in many of the sampled areas. Samples collected deeper in the water column found much lower concentrations of plastic particles (primarily monofilament fishing line pieces).[50]
Effect on marine life and humans[edit]
NOAA's marine debris removal in 2014
The United Nations Ocean Conference estimated that the oceans might contain more weight in plastics than fish by the year 2050.[51] Some long-lasting plastics end up in the stomachs of marine animals.[10][52][53] Plastic attracts seabirds and fish. When marine life consumes plastic allowing it to enter the food chain, this can lead to greater problems when species that have consumed plastic are then eaten by other predators.
Animals can also become trapped in plastic nets and rings, which can cause death. Sea turtles are most affected by this.[citation needed]Cetaceans have been sighted within the patch, which poses entanglement and ingestion risks to animals using the Great Pacific garbage patch as a migration corridor or core habitat.[54]
Somewhere In The Pacific Diggy Adventure
Affected species include sea turtles and the black-footed albatross. Midway Atoll receives substantial amounts of marine debris from the patch.
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Direct harm to species[edit]
Of the 1.5 million Laysan albatrosses that inhabit Midway Atoll, nearly all are likely to have plastic in their gastrointestinal tract.[55] Approximately one-third of their chicks die, and many of those deaths are from plastic unwittingly fed to them by their parents.[56][57] Twenty tons of plastic debris washes up on Midway every year with five tons ending up in the bellies of albatross chicks.[58] Fish and whales may also mistake the plastic as a food source.[59][60][61][62][63]
Indirect harm via the food chain[edit]
On the microscopic level, debris can absorb organic pollutants from seawater, including PCBs, DDT and PAHs.[64] Aside from toxic effects,[65] some of these are mistaken by the endocrine system as estradiol, disrupting hormone levels in affected animals.[57] These toxin-containing plastic pieces are also eaten by jellyfish, which are then eaten by fish and then by humans.[66]
Spreading invasive species[edit]
Marine plastics facilitate the spread of invasive species that attach to floating plastic in one region and drift long distances to colonize other ecosystems.[35] Debris affects at least 267 species worldwide.[67]
Increasing microplastic concentrations has released the insect Halobates sericeus from substrate limitation. A positive correlation between H. sericeus and microplastic was observed, along with increasing H. sericeus egg densities.[24]
See also[edit]References[edit]
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]Diggy's Adventure Somewhere In The Pacific
Coordinates: 38°N145°W / 38°N 145°W
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pacific_garbage_patch&oldid=903068197'
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